Dangerous Goods Can Create Accidents Engineering Essay

stern Goods Can Create Accidents Engineering Essay good goods ar essenti all(prenominal)y for wide range of global diligence, commercial, medical and research exigency and processes. This is because of the advantages of air manoeuver, a great deal of this kind of heavy lode is carried by air transport called airplane. any(prenominal)how that, in term of definition chancy goods (DG) is something about post strong or croupe be easily said any risk object which support causes balefulness such(prenominal) as explosive, corrosive, flammable, poisonous and hitherto radioactive. Nevertheless, ICAO has been recognized the importance of this partcast of cargo and has been taken steps to en trusted that such of cargo back tooth be carried safely.Furthermore, dangerous goods posses lots of signifi give the gatet risks and impacts. For use like it cornerstone start a fire and help in spreading a fire. Then, it can react with aircraft material, can release toxic vapor and nonetheless come o worst explosion might happen.http//www.ritchiestraining.co.uk/pix/uploaded/depository library/Ritchies_ sober_Goods_By_Air_and_Sea.jpgFigure 1 Dangerous Goods Can Create Accidents scalawag 1httphttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUKBQe1YN7A2D-J_P62xXCH05pbjWVQe6MG1gAxFY-HsmIfXe9Hh-spf5BmFCSjXO81VlzPHmDIRQX8ZEt2iJc2srIQSrYfeQ_qwqdaMQDiRMUaIDvB7Pm2xUtrmefHjCFmnj52KzoKGk/s660/wentwrong+header+copy+small.jpgFigure 2 ValuJet Accident by fusilladeThere is an incident where can be proved that hazard material can causes harm to aircraft itself. On May 11, 1996 Everglades, Miami, Florida ValuJet, Flight 592 McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32, N904VJ. The in-flight fire was cause by activation of one or more oxygen generators in the forth cargo hold. The generators were outdated, improperly labeled, lacked natural rubber caps and were prohibited from being transported on a passenger flight. The loss of control resulted either from flight control ill or incapacitation of the crew due to extreme heat and smoke. Recently, all cx aboard killed.The person who catch overs dangerous goods at airport called dangerous goods inspector. He / she essential be well trained in every expression of the duties as a technical inspector and regulatory officer other than the airmanship will turn down. This kind of person must sensitive where an each shipment of dangerous goods whitethorn possibly represent an disincentive to life, health, property or environment. In addition, the inspector should obey the procedures and regulations attempt to breed cargo and minimize the danger during transport. Basically, how do the inspector handle the DG is he / she carried out at cargo facilities with the scale and nature of the operation. at any rate that, inspection of procedures includes visiting slatterns or discourse agents premises as proper. scallywag 22.0 Transport Dangerous Goods by add 18 fender 18 can be specified as standard and recommended practices which alter dangerous goods to be carried safely. Annex as well as makes compulsory upon Contracting States the req uirements of the technical foul Instructions, which study the very detail and various instructions necessary for the mitigate discussion of dangerous cargo. Logically speaking, the use of these common bases by all forms of transport allow cargo to be transferred safe, sound and even imperturbable between air, sea, rail and road modes.Nevertheless, ICAO requirements for the safe handling of dangerous goods for the first time identify a limited list of those substances which atomic number 18 unsafe to air in any circumstances and then show how other potentially dangerous articles or substances can be transported safely.Technique of Transport Dangerous Goods cliqueification5. Procedures Emergency Respond3. Documentation, Acceptance for Air Transport4. intervention Stowage2. Packaging, Marking LabelingFigure 3 Technique of Transport Dangerous Goods scalawag 3Identification and illuminateification of DGThe nine hazard classes be those seed by the United Nations Committee of Experts and be used for all modes of transport. illuminate 1 includes explosives of all kinds, such as feature ammunition, fireworks and signal fl argons. association 2 comprises compressed or liquefied gases which may overly be toxic or flammable examples are cylinders of oxygen and refrigerated liquid nitrogen. Class 3 substances are flammable liquids including gasoline, lacquers, winder thinners, etc. Class 4 covers flammable solids, spontaneously combustible materials and materials which, when in contact with water, exit flammable gases, such as some pulverise metals, cellulose type film and charcoal. Class 5 covers oxidizing material, including bromated, chlorates or nitrates and this class also covers organic peroxides which are both oxygen carriers and very combustible. Class 6 includes poisonous or toxic substances example pesticides, mercury compounds, etc comprise in concert with infectious substances which must sometimes be shipped for diagnostics or preemptive p urposes. Radioactive materials are in Class 7 which there are mainly radioactive isotopes needed for medical or research purposes save are sometimes contained in manufactured articles such as sprightliness pacemakers or smoke detectors. Corrosive substances which may be dangerous to clement race tissue or which pose a hazard to the structure of an aircraft are dealt with in Class 8 for example, caustic soda, battery fluid, paint remover. Finally, Class 9 is a miscellaneous category for other materials which are potentially godforsaken in air transport, such as magnetized materials which could hazard the aircrafts navigational systems.http//www.ctsgb.ltd.uk/assets/generic/icons.gifFigure 4 9 Classes of Dangerous Goods rascal 4Packaging, Marking LabelingBasically, the operator or handling agent looks at the external appearance of all the packets of dangerous goods as a base hit package inspection before being transported. In addition, the items need to time lag in the operat ors custody provided whether the goods are due to transport or reach been transported.However, the inspection will check that the requirements of marking and labeling have been fully filled. Hence, type of packaging that has been used is permitted and tag along with the correct specification. For the radioactive material, the handling agent will pack the material based on the radiotherapy level packages which fit in state for transport.Nevertheless, the packages of dangerous goods should only be opened in exceptional circumstances and with extremely caution. Once if the package opened, they need to take the potential hazard from the contents into account and handle it with fully attention. Any package opened during an inspection, it must be transfer before to the consignee which means the goods must be restored in its original former by inspector.https//images.fedex.com/images/us/services/options/ground/hazmat/PhenolSolid_Boxes.jpgFigure 5 Packaging, Marking, and LabelingPage 5D ocumentation and Acceptance for Air TransportDocumentation is to determine a dangerous goods shipment meets all applicable requirements. Information that contain in several documents need to transport out a detailed check because it is necessary to cross refer from one document to another. The handling agent must check the associated documents when he / she have the packages of dangerous goods in his / her premises. A document check only is made when there are no packages available. There are several inspections that required inside the documents such as Air Waybill, Shippers Declaration, Acceptance Check List, Notice to Captain and others. The purpose of inspecting the Air Waybill is to ensure that they have completed correctly by using the correct classification and method of packing so that it can be established.Thus, the purpose of inspecting the Acceptance Check List is to make sure that the handling agent uses a form which allow for completion by the acceptance clerk. Neverth eless, the Notice to Captain is to determine that all the required information was given and checked. At this moment, where the form was signed by the pilot and the fill up / stowage requirement met.https//images.fedex.com/images/us/services/options/ground/hazmat/OP-900_Exception.jpgFigure 6 Documentation of Dangerous GoodsPage 62.4 discussion and StowageHandling also can be have a go at itn as fill up so that it can be pronounced as loading and stowage. The inspection of loading and stowage at the cargo side is to ensure the dangerous goods are adequately secured to prevent movement. Then, the requirement of segregation distances can be hold respectively when any radioactive material has been stowed. Besides that, any cargo aircraft that has placed dangerous goods on the main deck and only get accessible by the Technical Instruction. And also make sure of toxic or infectious substances are not in close propinquity to animals and foodstuffs, it can be harmful to them and also a ircraft fuselage if there are any leakages from the toxic substances.http//www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/plcy/images/318-gl5-1_e.gifFigure 7 Handling and Stowage boardPage 72.5 Procedures and Emergency solutionThe procedure of transport dangerous goods is a guidance tool for airport directors and crews to use when developing, evaluating, updating or training an airport Emergency Plan. It also can be conscious the emergency responders to who are not experienced with airport operations or airport emergencies.However, whenever once hazardous material spills out on the aircraft body, it can be resulted as aircraft accidents or incidents. This is because the body of aircraft will be corrode and eventually it will create a whole on it and can be cabin pressurization and even lead to the aircraft crash. Thats why precautions should be alert to avoid exposure to hazardous components for safety purposes. In this kind situation, Airport Emergency Plan (AEP) needs to clean up the aftermath emerge ncies involving hazardous materials such as foam and hydrocarbon. The agencies must follow the strategies and procedures which contain in the flow of hazardous materials after an emergency inside the aircraft or even at the airport. Besides that, they also need to repair the pavement of the data track if the materials damaged the runway by the spills.httphttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd4w6gb74kdD8z9r-yKfr7vNiumfvVu8Nj-Gv6VsTLlnIajB8iReeXX6U8SA3dQPbDj_a9OgBqevXH0AeXE_7TrpTZ0a4xV-Qkoe4qMMW_kNrVqoewlguMFydh-0jk6FvG4vgZIJGaRYGW/s1600/emergency_response_title_page.jpgFigure 8 Emergency ResponsesPage 83.0 Class 3 Flammable LiquidsIn many classes of dangerous goods that have been enshrined in the aviation law procedures. There are restriction on loading dangerous goods inside the aircraft, this is because not all classes are allowed to be loaded inside the aircraft unless with special exemption or provision. So, I choose Class 3-Flammable Liquids as my point of assignment of TDG.http//www.thecompliancecenter.com/store/media/ catalogue/product/l/b/lbcn06us_hi.gifFigure 9 Class 3 Flammable L iquidFlammables liquids can be defined as liquids, mixtures of liquids or liquids that contained solids in solution or suspension which is given off a flash point of flammable vapor at suitable temperatures must not more than 60-65Celcius. Transportation must follow the procedure which is transport the liquids at temperatures at or above the flash point for the safety purposes. Hence, this class has specific reason for regulation which is competent of posturing mischievous hazards due to the volatility, combustibility and potential in causing or propagating rigorous conflagrations. Besides that, there are several common transported flammable liquids in aviation industry such as acetone, paints, alcohols, perfumes, gas oil, and etc.Page 9Nevertheless, dangerous goods inspector has an authority to handle flammable liquids. He also has capability to inspect all customer requests that has connection with logistics of flammable liquids for example like packing, packaging, compliance, fr eight, forwarding and training.Meanwhile, the labeling and marking of dangerous goods, the method in which they shall be located at beneath an aircraft, the responsibilities of the crews in respect of the carriage of dangerous goods and the action to be taken in the event of emergencies arising involving dangerous goods. Otherwise, if the operator fails to follow the procedure, it can turn down the aviation world industry and make disaster and even can affect the aircraft fuselage and passengers.http//images.thenews.com.pk/updates_pics/1-24-2011_9678_l_u.jpgFigure 10 Airport Explosion by Flammable Liquid Leakage at MoscowPage 104.0 ConclusionAs my conclusion, Transport Dangerous Goods is very important subject where we as an aviator can know about the dangerous goods as well. Dangerous goods can be know as hazard materials which can cause harm to surrounding including human and animal. As we all know that dangerous goods has nine classes provided which is Class 1-Explosives, Class 2 -Gases, Class 3-Flammable Liquids, Class 4-Flammable Solids, Class 5-Oxidizing Material, Class 6-Toxics and Infectious, Class 7-Radioactive, Class 8-Corrosive, and Class 9-Miscellaneous.Furthermore, with this kind of classifications we can conclude that the goods inside container are dangerous or not. Then, I have learned about the flow of instruction in dangerous goods which is classification, packaging, documentation, handling, and emergency responses. This flow is a must to operator, if one of them is missed, the transportation will automatically cancel and aviation industry will be terminated.Page 115.0 Bibliography5.1 Website1) www.dgiglobal.com2) www.caa.md5.2 References1) Transport Dangerous Goods Slide Show5.3 Books1) Annex 18Page 12 case PageNo.ContentPage1.0Introduction1-22.0Transport Dangerous Goods by Annex 182.1 Classifications2.2 Packaging, Marking and Labeling2.3 Documentation and Acceptance2.4 Handling and Stowage2.5 Procedures and Emergency Response3456783.0Class 3 Flammable Liquids9-104.0Conclusion115.0Bibliography5.1 Website

Assessment Of Selected Resorts In Cavite Province Biology Essay

Assessment Of Selected Resorts In Cavite Province Biology EssayResorts in the province of Cavite ar recognized for its reputable unpaid weewees. These resorts be think to give prospective customers with an atmosphere of am uptakement, make ittainment and relaxation. The most common types argon margin resorts, fluid pool, and even lakes and rivers which be designed to accommodate individuals, class of peers and family members (Bago and Linantud 2004). Also recreational irrigate offer activities that be beneficial and necessary to over constantlyy last(predicate) health. unpaid pisss beneath get hold be grime and bemire by bacterium, viruses and protozoan para situations (Bitton 1999), although the recreational urine is normally treated physically and chemically using filtration and chlorination to prevent make growth and infection of some bacterium (Montano and Abear 2000). How invariably on that point ar was an increasing result of cases of acute stomac h flu during this summer and one meeting of microbes adopting to their illness be enteral bacteria.Bacteria such as Escherichia coli and genus Pseudomonass aeruginosa that atomic number 18 resistant and tolerant to centilitre and were known to go gracious misery (Mann 2005). Enteric Bacteria are said to be nonorious and dangerous be brace they cause recreational irrigate illness like acute gastroenteritis, cholera, pneumonia, typoid feverishness, diarrhea, urinary infection, pneumonia, dermatitis, salmonellosis and otitis external these complaint leads to breakbreaks (Yoder 2008). Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are among those bacteria that butt end thrive in recreational wet and transmitted from swallowing and inhaling contaminated piss before the microorganisms can be undo by pool peeing disinfectant (Barwicks et al. 1999). Also their resiliency to grow in some disinfectants like atomic number 17 because they are capsulated bacteria and they poss ess a versatile metabolic activity, which makes gives them the resistance to a miscellanea of physical conditions (Cappuccino 2005). The presence of these organisms indicates contamination by pathogenic microorganism. Most piddleborne disorders are cerebrate to pollution of water resources sources and thus pose an unsufferable health attempt for swimmers (Schets et al. 2010). Therefore the need to examine water renders in a microbiological water aspect is essential to ensure safety to swimmers.This pack is conducted to support if the selected resorts in Cavite whether chlorinated and non-chlorinate is contaminated with pathogenic microorganism that can lead to capableness waterborne diseases.1.2 Conceptual FrameworkThe water districts ensure the potability of alcohol addiction water by increasing the ducking of Chlorine (Yoder 2008). This potable swallow water were also utilize in resorts. Monthly sampling of water samples in pools render negative in intestinal bacteri a. However there is an increasing cases of gastroenteritis for the past year.The paradigm of the present culture is as follows Microbial Status in Chlorinated and non- chlorinated watersfrom selected resortsWater samples from resorts (pools, streams, rivers and beaches)edThe butt of this teach is to gather diametric water samples obtained from selected resorts and chance the microbial office regardless of its chlorine intentness levels.1.3 Statement of the ProblemThis study pass on aim to ascertain the microbial status in selected resorts in Cavite.To determine specifically the by-line objectives1. What is the microbial status jpresent in chlorinated and non -chlorinated water in selected resorts in Cavite?2. Is there a significant difference in the broad(a) count of enteric bacteria and follow bacteria among chlorinated and non-chlorinated waters in selected resorts in Cavite?3. Is there a correlativity mingled with chlorine concentration in the resorts and water sam ples in lakes, rivers and beaches?1.4 Scope and DelimitationThe study pull up stakes determine microbial status in selected resorts in Cavite, Province. Water samples volition be taken from these selected resorts and chlorine content concentration examegensnt be determined using chlorine test kits. It is non the aim of the study to apply antibacterial means in enteric bacteria acquire from water psychoanalysis.1.5 Significance of the StudyThis study is designed to find discover the microbial status on the selected resorts in Cavite, Philippines. This research hopes to benefit the following pertain populationResort clientele to be to a greater extent concerned to the areas that they went to and be prepared since traditional vaccines are not reliable in killing these bacteria because they are risky and are only sound after several years.Resort Administrators and Maintenance personnel for the enhancement of facilities of the swim pool to promote the preventive measures again st proliferation of microorganism which are recognized to be health risk problems and compliance to the water quality standards.Academe who whitethorn use this as preliminary tuition for their future research endeavors and in formation in survival of bacteria in different environmental conditions.1.6 description of TermsMicrobial status this refers to the bacteria present in chlorinated and non-chlorinated waters from selected resorts.Prevalence the number of samples that rendered positive in culture method over the total number of samples.Enteric Bacteria these are large group of gram-negative bacteria that are known to elevate disease in the alimentary tract. Enteric bacteria that survived in chlorinated waters of resorts.Resorts it is considered to be naiant pools, streams, river, lakes and beaches with chlorine.Microbial Density- The population or the measurement of the growth of the bacteria.Microbial Plating- This refers technique used to isolate a purestrainfrom a a tomic number 53 species of microorganism plating method that go away be performed in laboratory. complete Bacteria bacteria separate than enteric bacteria.API Kit- This refers to the biochemical test that exit determine the isolated bacteria from water samples.Chlorination- this is a water polish method to make water safe to valet and a disinfecting agent that prevents the diffuse the spread of waterborne diseasesChlorine test kit- This refers to the chemical test that allow determine the chlorine concentration level of water.Chromogenic Media This refers to the culturing media that go forth determine the present bacteria in water.CHAPTER 2REVIEW LITERATURES2.1 Conceptual literary workssRecreational waterRecreational waters can be classified as fresh water liquified pools, whirlpools and naturally occurring fresh marine step up waters. Infectious disease which can be transmitted by recreational water includes skin, eye and ear infections and gastroenteritis. Consequentl y the level of microorganism in recreational water are important for indexing their health trial run a risk associated with swimming and since the recreation classification includes bathing, swimming etc. whatsoever organism transmitted to mankind beings can be regulated. The best indicators in the estimate of the safety of swimming pool water is to be get hold aware of the types of game (microbiological, chemical and physical) that can impact a bathing area. Some researchers stress that the microbiological quality of swimming pools are best measure by identifying the bacteria present in that recreational water such as faecal coliform and enterococci, while oppo sets consider that the disease and symptoms it brought to the bathers rather than fecal contamination (Martin et al. 1995).(Montano and Abear 2000) cited that the bacteria suggested as indicators of recreational water quality include a great medley of pathogenic bacteria and non-pathogenic microorganism such as c oliform groups, species of Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, staph and in rare case Legionella. The presence of single coliform organism is not a ground for condemning water as a unit of measurement for human usance. It is the relative abundance of these organisms, which is important.According to Papadopoulou et al. (2007) cited that non-fecal human shedding (e.g. from vomit, mucus, spitting or skin) in the swimming pool is also a potential source of pathogenic organism. Bathers who are already infected can instantly contaminate pool waters with pathogen which whitethorn affect separate bathers, who come in contact with the contaminated water. Opportunistic pathogens (mainly bacteria) can also be shed from user and transmitted via contaminated water. Also certain gratuitous life aquatic bacteria and amoebae can possibly grow not just in pool waters but also with pool components or facilities or on other wet nears within the rapidness which whitethorn cause infections or disease . Therefore swimming pools are very much associated with outbreaks or incidents of waterborne infection.Murdoch(1975) as cited by Amador and Amante (2001) mentioned that disease contracted from water kill some 25million battalion, most of them children each year, while m some(prenominal) millions more(prenominal) are debilitated by waterborne diseases. Fecal contamination of water can introduce a variety pathogens into water waste, including bacteria, viruses, protozoans and parasitic worms. waterborne related diseases have been recognized by Classes. Class 1, refers to the true waterborne disease contracted by drinking water. Class 2 are diseases associated with lack of personal hygiene which can be reduced by providing adequate amount of water for bathing and washing. To control such diseases, people should be provided with sufficient water of reasonable quality achieving a mellow bacteriological quality is a secondary consideration.Enteric bacteriaA large, heterogenous group in the family Enterobacteriaceae, include several closely related genera of misfortunate and spore forming, gram-negative rods, facultative anaerobic, that inhabit or produce disease in the alimentary tract of warm-blooded animal. This family are notorious as causes of urinary tract infection and are recovered from a variety of clinical specimens taken from diseased foci other than in the gastro enteral tract. The entric are probably responsible for more human misery than any other group.(Smith 2008)Escherichia coliIt is a gram negative rod shaped bacterium. It was originally known as bacterium coli. It is widely distributed in the intestine of globe and warm- blooded animals and is the predominant facultative anaerobe in the bowel part of the essential enteric flora that maintains the physiology of the healthy waiter. The presence of E.coli is associated with bather-associated illness, but its absence cannot be equated with the lack of risk of illness (Guidelines for Canadian Recreational Water spirit available at http//www.ecy.wa.gov1992).Pathogenicity performs coliform bacilli usually do no penetrate intestinal wall to produce disease unless (1) the intestinal wall becomes diseased, (2) resistance of the host is lowered, or (3) virulence of the organism is greatly change magnitude. Under one of these conditions of coliforms may pass to abdominal cavity or enter into the bloodstream. Once removed the intestinal canal and in the tissues of the body their virulence is remarkably enhanced. Among the diseases that they cause are pyelonephritis, cystitis, cholecystitis, abscesses, peritonitis, and meningitis. They may play a part in the formation of gallstones and are found in the cores of such stones. In peritonitis complicating intestinal perforation the coliform group is joined by such organisms as streptococci and staphylococci. From any focus of inflammation coliform organism may enter the bloodstream to produce a septicaemia. (Smith 2008)ShigellaDy sentery caused by the Shiga bacillus (Shigella dysenteriae) is much more severe than that from the other organisms, since this bacillus produces a powerful exotoxin- like substance in sum to an endotoxin. The exotoxin- like substance seems to be liberated by bacterial disintegration, and as a neurotoxin, It acts on the nervous system to paralyze the host. The endotoxin irritates the intestinal canal.The dysentery bacilli are gram negative, nonsporebearing rods that grow on all ordinary media at temperatures from 10 to 42 C. but best at 37 C they are aerobic and facultative anaerobic. Unlike most other members most other member of the enteric group, they are non-motile.In terms of pathogenicity dysentery is a human disease and natural infections of the lower animals do not occur. The incubation point is 1 to 7 days. Epidemic dysentery is primarily an intestinal infection. Unlike typhoid fever fever bacilli, the organisms do no invade the bloodstream and are seldom if ever found in the internal organs or excreted in the urine. They are excreted in the feces. Compared to that for other enteric pathogen, the number of ingested shigellas for infection is small, only 10 to cytosine. (Smith 2008)SalmonellaAmong the large number of pathogenic microorganisms causing foodborne disease, Salmonella plays an important role. An analysis of Salmonella direction data from the World Health Organization (WHO) showed that the reported number of cases increased in 22 out of 49 countries examined. Although the reason for the global increase is not yet clear, investigations in individual countries suggest that it is related to consumption of eggs and poultry that harbour the organism. Besides control measures there is a need for rapid and sensitive methods for the detection of Salmonella (Beumer et. al, 1991). Salmonella is a ubiquitous enteric pathogen with a worldwide distribution that comprises large number of serovars characterized by different host specificity and dist ribution. This microorganism is one of the leading causes of intestinal illness finished the world as well as the etiological agent of more severe systemic diseases such as typhoid and paratyphoid fever.zoonotic salmonellae are commonly described as foodborne pathogens however drinking water as well as natural waters is known to be an important source for the transmission of these enteric microorganisms. Salmonella, just like other enteric bacteria, is spread by the fecal-oral route of contamination. This microorganism can enter the aquatic environment directly with feces of infected humans or animals or indirectly, e.g., via sewage discharge or agricultural land run off.Overall Salmonella spp. and subspecies can be found in a large variety of vertebrates. Beside humans, animal sources of Salmonella include pets, farm animals and wild animals calves, poultry, pigs, sheep as well as wild bird (pigeon) and reptiles can all be reservoirs of Salmonella. Plants, insects and algae were a lso found capable of harboring Salmonella and might be affect in the transmission of this enteric pathogen. Taxonomically the genus Salmonella comprises two species namely S. bongori and S. enterica. The species S. enterica is march on differentiated in to six subspecies (enterica, salamae, arizonae, diarizonae, indica and houtenae) among which the S. enterica subspecies enterica is mainly associated to human and other warm blooded vertebrates. Enteric fevers, typhoid and paratyphoid fever are severe, contagious systemic diseases caused by the infection of the serovars typhi and Paratyphi. Differently from other Salmonella serovars, typhi and Paratyphi are host adapted and can only infect humans stools of infected persons are therefore the original source of contaminations for these pathogens.Water contaminated with feces of human cases and carriers is one of the main vehicles of typhoid fever infections. Literature data related to water-borne salmonellae in developing countries r elate mostly the typhoid Salmonella serovars. In the less industrialized area of the world, in particular in the Indian subcontinent and South East Asia, typhoid and paratyphoid fevers occur some(prenominal) in epidemic and endemic form, and remain a major commonplace health problem. The burden of typhoid fever worldwide is further compound by the spread of multiple drug resistant S. typhi.Most of the new-fashioned publications on typhoid and paratyphoid fever water-borne infections in developing countries are from the Asian continent. Differently from typhoidal Salmonella strains, non-typhoidal salmonellae, the ubiquitous subtypes found in a number of animal species, are more frequently associated to foodborne than to water-borne transmission. These zoonotic Salmonella serovars tend to cause acute but usually self-limiting gastroenteritis (Levantesi et al, 2011).According to (Smith 2008)The pathogenicity of salmonella is called salmonellosis, the major site of which the lining of the intestinal tract. Because of their toxic properties every known strain of salmonella can cause anyone three types of salmonellosis (1) acute gastroenteritis of the food type infection.(2) blood poisoning or acute sepsis with localized complications similar to pyogenic infections, and (3) enteric fever such as typhoid or paratyphoid fevers.Salmonella typhiA short motile nonencapsulated bacillus, S.typhi grows luxuriantly on all ordinary media. It grows best under(a) aerobic conditions bit may grow anaerobically. The temperature range growth is from 4 to 40C., the optimum, 37C. typhoid bacilli can survive outside the body, living about 1 week in sewage contaminated water and not only living but multiplying in milk. They may be viable in fecal matter for 1 or 2 months. They are pathogenic because of their endotoxins.Their pathogenicity causes typhoid fever is an acute infectious disease with continuous fever, skin eruptions, bowel disturbances, and profound toxemia. Except in the commencement exercise few days, leukopenia is always present in uncomplicated cases, probably because typhoid bacilli depress the bone marrow, where normal production of white blood cells occurs. Leukocytosis in the course of the disease signals complication. (Smith 2008)2.2 Related StudiesAccording to Brown (2009), gram-negative intestinal pathogens have a diverse population of bacteria of which two of the enteric intestinal pathogens that are of prime medical concern are the salmonella and shigella. The salmonella and shigella are both(prenominal) pathogenic bacteria that cause typhoid fever and human dysentery, respectively. Since the gram-negative intestinal pathogens has a such diverse population it has umteen genera of species like the Escherichia, Proteus, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, and Clostridium that exists on large numbers, hence it is necessary to use media that are differential and selective to favor the growth of the pathogens since all of the species can be div ided into lactose fermenting and non-lactose fermenting bacteria.Hiriart et al. (2001) worked on the Helicobacter pylori and new(prenominal) Enteric Bacteria in Freshwater Environments in Mexico City. They observed that all samples analyzed showed the presence of enteric bacteria with or without the presence of H. pylori, indicating that water from these sources is a potential health risk for gastrointestinal diseases. The major profitability of H. pylori coincides with the major positivity of indicator and other enteric bacteria, which are both associated with contaminated water.In another study Marion et al. (2010) worked on the association gastrointestinal illness and recreational water exposure at an inland U.S beach. Relationships between water quality indicators and reported adverse health outcomes among users of a beach at an inland U.S lake was observed to be a significant risk factor for GI illness..Papadopoulo et al.(2008) worked on the microbial quality of indoor and o ut-of-door swimming pools in greece. They found out that three indoor swimming pools and two outdoor swimming are present with bacteria, protozoa and kingdom Fungi Such as Multi-resistant Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Leuconostoc, and staphyloccus aureus( isolated from teaching pool), Staphylococcus werneri. Chryseobacterium indologenes and Ochrobactrum anthropical (isolated from completion pools) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, Aeromonas hydrophila, Enterbacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumonia and S. aureus (isolated from the hydrotherapy pool and A. hydrophilla (isolated from the hotel pool) were related to water outbreaks.Schets et al. (2010) worked on the exposure assessments for swimmers in bathing waters and swimming pools. they found out that the swallowed volume or water appears different for men, women, and children, but also in fresh water, seawater and swimming pools also the frequency and duration of swimming do also differ for men, women, and children and in different water types, and provide a basis for the identification of high risk population under specific circumstances, e.g. collectable to their extended water contact and frequent organise submersions, children may be more prone to contract otitis external due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.Certainly a waterborne infection depends on the total bacterial counts, the immune status of the subjects, and polluted waters. The results of the past studies demonstrate the variant of the recreational water quality and the need for continuous monitoring.Chapter 3methodological analysis research DesignThis study impart use descriptive study design that involves in the identification of enteric bacteria in selected resorts in the Cavite province. There go out be 20 sampling sites, 10 from swimming pools, 5 from rivers or lakes and 5 from beaches. In every sampling site there will be a total of 1 sample that will be gathered and it will be replicated into three and a total of 60 sterilized bot tles with cover will be used for the 4-month period of experiment that will be done during the summer conciliate and the rainy season. inquiry SettingThe entire study will be conducted for 12 weeks. The identification of total bacteria and enteric bacteria will be done in Biology Research Laboratory of DLSU-D.Research ProcedureWater Sample Collection (MicroMed Environmental, 2010)Sterilized 300ml wide-mouthed glass will be used in the collection of samples. Water samples will be obtained from recreational waters. The sterile containers will be plunge into the water surface until 1 foot below. Then open the bottle towards the direction of the topical to allow the container to fill. Afterwards, it will be immediately sealed tightly and put on a cooler to maintain the temperature. The samples will be obtained during the months of april and june of 2012. The chlorine concentration will also be measured using Hach visitation Kit for chlorine.Chromogenic Media for BacteriaUndiluted sa mples will be used in the determination of total bacteria. Briefly one milliliter of sample will be spread plated onto Plate Count nutrient agar. The plates will be incubated at 37C for 24 hours. Colonies that will grow will be converted into colony forming units and will be correlated to chlorine concentration and compared to enteric bacteria.For the detection of enteric bacteria the samples will be enriched in buffered peptone water for 24 hours. After 24 hours the enriched samples will be spread plated onto Salmonella-Shigella nutrient agar and Eosin Methylene Blue Agar. Colonies resembling to enteric bacteria will be purified and confirmed using API 20E kit.Determination of the Microbial Count (BioMrieux, 2002) preparedness of incubation box and inoculum will be done for the strip. In the inoculation of the strip, filling both tube and cupule of tests CIT, VP and gelatine with bacterial suspension as for the remaining tests fill only the tube and not the cupule. In creating ana erobiosis vasopressin, LDC, ODC, H2S and URE should be overlay with mineral oil. The incubation box will be incubated for 37C for 24 hours. Certain color reactions will happen for the indication of positive or negative result.Data hostColonies in the EMBA and PCA will be characterized using colonial characterization which includes size, form, margin, elevation, consistency, surface and pigmentation (Tabo, 2005). Biochemical test include ONPG, ADH, LDC, ODC, CIT, H2S, URE, TDA, IND, VP, GEL, GLU, MAN, INO, SOR, RHA, SAC, MEL, AMY, ARA, OX. The chlorine concentration will be measured in 0-600 mg/L.Statistical TreatmentTo determine the correlation between chlorine concentration and total bacteria and enteric bacteria, a simple correlation will be used. All statistical analysis will be conducted in STATA 9.0 with 0.05 as level of significance.APPENDIX AGANTT CHARTAPPENDIX BBUDGET PROPOSALItem passel/MassEstimated Price (PhP)QuantityExpense (PhP)EQUIPMENTS AND KITSBiomerieux Inc Biomeri eux API 20E KIT 100g Pack of 100 2016013000.00113000.00Hachs Chlorine Test Strips, 0-600mg/L Pack of 2890200876.311876.31AGARSSalmonella-Shigella Agar50 g500.001500.00Eosin Methylene Blue Agar50 g500.001500.00Plate Count Agar500.001500.00TOTAL15376.31APPENDIX CLETTER TO THE HOSPITALMarch 13, 2012Ms. Teresita E. Guevarra medical exam Records HeadDe La Salle University Medical CenterDear Ms. GuevarraGreetings in the name of St. can Baptist De La SalleWe are writing to ask permission from you in getting information that we will need for our thesis defense on the upcoming celestial latitude 2012. We are Human Biology major students from De La Salle University-Dasmarias and we are going to conduct a study regarding the manageable prevalence of enteric bacteria in selected resorts in Dasmarias, Cavite. Regarding this, we would like to asking for the following informationReported cases of salmonellosis and acute gastroenteritis in this hospital for the last two years (2010 and 2011)We are hoping for your positive response towards our request. If ever the information we need will not be available today, you may contact us at 09164745448 and 09272546946. Thank you very much for your time.Sincerely,Ron Matthew A. FloresJohn Paul A. FloresNoted by____________________ _____________________Mrs. Hazel Ann L. Tabo Dr. Carmelita C. CervillonBSD Faculty, DLSU-D (Thesis Adviser) College Dean, DLSU-D_____________________Ms Cherry Z. Cuevas, MSBSD Chair, DLSU-DAPPENDIX DCOLOR REACTIONTESTS RESULTS(negative)+ RESULTS(positive)ONPGcolorless discolourADH scandalmongering-bellied-belliedred/ orangenessLDCYellowred/orangeODCYellowred/orangeCITpale green/yellow bad-green/blueH2Scolorless/grayblack depositUREYellowred/orangeTDAYellowbrown-redINDYellowred (2 min.)VPcolorlesspink/red (10 min.)GELno diffusion of blackblack diffuseGLUblue/blue greenyellowMANblue/ chromaticyellowINOblue/blue-greenyellowSORblue/blue-greenyellowRHAblue/blue-greenyellowSACblue/blue-greenyellowMELblue/blue -greenyellowAMYblue/blue-greenyellowARAblue/blue-greenyellowOXcolorless/yellowvioletLITERATURE CITEDAmador RM, Amante PP. Detection and isolation of coliform bacteria in Laguna de Bay Brgy. Landayan San Pedro Laguna 2001. p.67.Bago CEM, Linantud JF, Ortiz MP. Stability and profitableness of Resort Business in Dasmarinas, Cavite. 2004. P.1-2-ix-29.Barwicks RS., Levy DA., Craun GF., Beach MJ., Calderon RL. 2000.Surveillance for water borne-Disease Outbreaks-united-states ,1997-1998 CDCBrown, A. E. 2005. Bensons Microbiological Applications 9th Edition, McGraw Hill, New York.Beumer, R.R., et al., 1991. Enzyme-linked immunoassays for the detection of Salmonella spp. a comparison with other methods, Elsevier Science Publisher, B.V. 0168-1605/91Carteciano JA., 2004. Four Emerging Bacteria So Tiny, So deadly. NationalResearch Council of the Philippines.Hammer Sr. M, Hammer Jr. M. Water and waste water technology. New Jersey 2004.p.140Levantesi, C., et al., 2011.Salmonella in surface and drinking water feature and water-mediated transmission, Food Research International, doi10.1016/j.foodres.2011.06.037Mann, D. Beware of Recreational Water Illnesses, WebMD. Internet. 2005 cited 2011 December 28.Available from HYPERLINK http//www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/features/beware-of-recreational-water-illnessesMarion, J., et al., 2010.Association of Gastrointestinal illness and recreational water exposure at inland U.S beach, water research internationalMartin, M., et al., 1995.Assessment of microbiology quality for swimming pools in South America.MicroMed Environmental, Inc. Internet. 2010 cited 2012 March 25. Available from HYPERLINK http//www.igmicromed.com/docs.htmlMontano JM, Abear R. 2000.Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in relation to microbial population of selected swimming pools in dasmarinas cavite. De la Salle University Dasmarinas. p.52.Schets F., et al., Exposure Assessment of swimmers in bathing water and swimming pools, water research. 2010.Tabo, Norbel A . 2005. Laboratory Manual in Microbiology, Rex Bookstore Inc, Manila. p. 63-67Yoder JS., Hlavasa MC., Craun GF., Hill V., Roberts V., Yu PA., Hicks LA., Alexander NT., Calderon RL., Roy SL., and Beach MJ.2008. Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with recreational water use and other aquatic facility- associated health events-united states 2005-2006- CDC.

Bio-mechanical Differences Between Male and Female Runners

Bio- mechanistic Differences Between Male and Fe phallic RunnersBUILT TO RUNBIOMECHANICAL DIFFERENCES in the midst of MALE AND FEMALE battle of Marathon RUNNERSAcknowl perimeter work coercetsSpecial thanks atomic number 18 accorded to the sp atomic number 18-time activity people whose work contri stilled substantially in developing this essayDennis Bramble and Daniel Lieberman whose fresh findings found buy the farmning as an essential factor in the organic evolution of universe, findings that added an extra measure of interest to, and a linguistic context for, the essayJolie Holschen for doing such(prenominal) an excellent job of pulling together so much of import in playation on the anatomical ends surrounded by young-begetting(prenominal) and womanish athletes andStephen Seiler for his geographic expedition of sex activity difference of opinions in selection performance and training.In addition, there were many about other sources used and for which appreciat ion is due. Attributions are do to all sources in the References section at the end of the essay.Table of Con extsINTRODUCTION1Anatomical Differences amidst Men and Women with Specific Reference to cart track2Definition of the Term Marathon with similitude to Other Types of Running7Definitions of the Term Biomechanism8Application of Biomechanism to Running with Reference to Marathon Runners10OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE12REVIEW OF EXISTING look into ON METHODS AND FINDINGS12DISCUSSION19CONCLUSIONS22FURTHER OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESEARCH22REFERENCES24BUILT TO RUNBIOMECHANICAL DIFFERENCESBETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE MARATHON RUNNERSMore than by brain coat of it or tool-making ability,the homo species was crash apart from its ancestorsby the ability to jog ml after lung-stabbing milewith greater endurance than any other primate.INTRODUCTIONThe introductory de nonation (Hotz, 2004) simply, yet vividly, expresses the burdens of a recent bring completed by devil Ameri tin scientists, Dennis Bramble and Daniel Lieberman, and released in the journal Nature (2004). Bramble and Lieberman wangle that the ability to run tenacious distances was the driving force shaping the ripe military personnel anatomy. Hotzs characterization of early humans as battle of Marathon men and women from the tips of their translucentively short toes and long Achilles tendons to the tops of their biomechanically balanced heads (emphasis added) sets the backdrop for this essayan geographic expedition of the biomechanical differences betwixt young-begetting(prenominal) and female endurance contest runners.After a a few(prenominal) extra historical comments, this essay opens with a monstrance of anatomical differences between men and women with specific pushence to run then lapses with definitions and descriptions of the term marathon, as a form of organized caterpillar track sport, and definitions for the term biomechanics in conceptualization for a discussion of how the work of bi omechanics is applied to rail game. With this culture as a foundation, the intent and scope depart be articulated followed by presentation of previous methods and findings revealed from a search of the belles-lettres on the content of biomechanical differences between male and female marathon runners and closely-related topics. These findings pass on be discussed and conclusions drawn. Finally, recommendations for further enquiry will be presented.To return briefly to the look for findings of Bramble, a paleontologist and biomechanics expert, and Lieberman, a physical anthropologist, to continue setting the backdrop for the essay, Bramble enunciates Running make us human, at least in an anatomical sense. We think test is unrivaled of the nigh transforming purge offts in human history (Chui, 2004). Endurance run is an activity that is reserved for humans in the primate domain of a function and not common in other mammals with the exception of dogs, horses and a few ot hers. Bramble and Lieberman contend that run permitted humans to scavenge and hunt for food over meaningful distances and that the high protein food they secured was instrumental in developing larger brains (Wilford, 2004).To avail trail, humans developed several traits including large buttocks with strong vigors which touch the femur to the trunk of the ashes preventing the body from over-balancing with apiece step. In addition, humans have a lengthy arm-swinging stride and long ligaments and tendonsincluding the Achilles tendonwhich serve as springs that store and release mechanical energy during running. (Hotz, 2004).Brambles rootage to todays running in the evolutionary context he and Lieberman established pop the questions an appropriate introduction to the exploration of the biomechanical differences between male and female marathon runners (Wilford, 2004) Today, endurance running is primarily a form of reading and recreation, but its roots may be as ancient as the bank line of the human genus.Anatomical Differences between Men and Women with Specific Reference to RunningThe description of anatomical differences between men and women, which is focused on anatomical gives that are convolute in running, begins with a gender-neutral discussion to establish a foundation for the much gender-specific information.Rossi (2003) emphasizes the complexity of walking, a precursor to running. He writes that half(prenominal) of the 650 tendons and tendons in the human body are involved in what most people consider to be the simple act of walking. He suggests that, in the evolution of the human body, there were hundreds of adaptations that had to take place, adaptations that required repositioning of everything in the body over several million years. Rossi writesThe arms, no longer unavoidable for branch swinging, became shorter, the legs longer, the pelvis wider, the shoulders narrower, the neck longer and more slender, the spine changed from C-sha pe to S-shape. major(ip) changes were required in the hip, knee and mortise joint joints. Hundreds of muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints gradually shifted in position, size and function. And of course, the new posture and gait required important changes in the size and position of all the organs of the chest and abdomen.Rossi suggests that some of these changes were extremely signifi so-and-sot from a biomechanical perspective. For instance, he calls attention to the blood pumping requirement of the upright human form Daily in each individual, approximately 74,000 quarts of blood must travel through 100,000 miles of blood vessels from the brain to the feet and legs in a government note pattern. Rossi emphasizes the human engineering challenge that was required to design a corpse that would counteract the effect of staidness in moving blood vertically in this manner. Rossis comments are particularly important in the context of the current discourse because they allow some insight into the current state of relevant anatomical feature of speechs of todays runners and how those features were derived.The anatomy of humans, unlike that of other living creatures, provides for speed and endurance. The unique characteristics related to running embroil (Science in Africa, 2005, citing University of Utah Public Relations, 2004)Skull features. These features, which include sweating from the scalp and face, cool the blood.A balanced head. This shape of head with a relatively flat face, nice teeth, and short snout moves the center of the mass backward which helps to counter the effects of moving upward and downward during running.A ligament running from the rear of the scientific discipline and neck downward to the thoracic vertebrae. This feature serves as a go against absorber that aids the arms and shoulders in counterbalancing the head during running activity.Shoulders decoupled from the head and neck. This feature allows rotation of the body while the h ead faces forward during running.A tall(a) body. This feature, which includes a narrow trunk, waist and pelvis, provides for increased skin surface allowing for raise body cooling and permits the upper and tear down body segments to move independently. trivial forearms. This feature permits the upper body to act as a vestibular sense to the lower body during running activity while reducing the muscle power required for maintaining flexed arms. broad vertebrae and disks. This feature permits the human back to received heavier loads when runners impact the ground.Large, strong connection between the pelvis and the spine. This feature supports more stability and shock absorbing capametropolis during running activity.Large buttocks. This feature, and the muscles that form it, stabilize the body during running activity. The connection of these muscles to the femur prevents the body from pitching forward.Long legs. This feature allows humans to take large strides during running activi ty. The tendons and ligaments permit the legs to be lighter and less muscular thereby requiring a smaller amount of energy to propel them while running.Large hip, knee, and ankle joint surface areas. These features provide enhanced shock absorption by reducing the impact in any one specific area. agreement of bones in the leg it. This feature provides for a more rigid foot by creating a stable arch, allowing runners to push dispatch in a more efficient manner and to use ligaments located on the nooky of the feet as springs.Large heel bone, short toes, and a big toe. These features provide for enhanced shock absorption and increased depicted object to push off during running activity.With the running-related anatomical features applicable to all humans as a foundation, the focus now turns to the differences in anatomical features between men and women, specifically those features that are involved in running activity. Holschen (2004) writes that, until puberty, males and females are equal in terms of strength, aerobic power, heart size, and pack they also have like amounts of body fat.Starting at puberty, according to Holschen (2004), male and female sexual practice hormones begin affecting bone and lean body mass, circulation, and metabolism in divergent ways. A female typically has a wider pelvis, femoral anteversion (inward straining of the femur), genu valgum (knees touch but ankles are separated), and external tibial deformation (feet do not line up in a square(p) manner because of out-toeing from outward rotation of the large calf bone). Center of gravity differences between men and women are minimal, correlating more by body figure and height than with gender. (Atwater, 1985, cited in Holschen, 2004). When compared with males, females typically have smaller bones accompanied by smaller articular surfaces. They also have proportionately shorter legs with resulting change magnitude potential force in certain maneuvers. (Holschen, 2004).At puber ty, girls gain some(prenominal) fat and lean muscle mass due to the influence of female hormones boys lose body fat and add muscle mass due to the influence of male hormones (Holschen, 2004). Women in adulthood have about ten portion more body fat than do their male counterparts (Greydanus, D. and Patel, D., 2002, cited in Holschen, 2004). The basal metabolic rate is approximately ten part lower in women than in men. The presence of female hormones mandates that women rely more on fat metabolism at any given exercise take aim when compared to men. In addition, glycogen uptake, storage, and use are increased. (Holschen, 2004, citing Bonekat, H. W. et al., 1987 Dombovy, M. L. et al., 1987 Frankovich, R. J. and Lebrun, C. M., 2000 Nicklas, B. J. et al., 1989 Tarnopolsky, L. J., 1990) Cureton and associates (1988, cited in Holschen, 2004) attribute the differences in muscle strength between men and woman to skeletal and cardiac muscular hypertrophy and muscle mass percentage they co ntend that muscle mass in men is forty percent compared to twenty-three percent in women.Changes in body composition and circulatory condenser descent at puberty result in approximately twenty percent high cardio-respiratory capacity in men. Men also have comparatively higher oxygen-carrying capacity, larger heart and lung mass, a higher stroke volume, and higher supreme cardiac output which result in greater strong suit in aerobic and anaerobic activities, although training can overcome the inseparable differences (Williford, H. N. et al., 1993, cited in Holschen, 2004).The results of the current seek point to fundamental anatomical differences between men and woman, differences that largely begin to appear during puberty and which have some bearing on running capability.Definition of the Term Marathon with Comparison to Other Types of RunningThe term running can be be as moving alertly on foot so that both feet lend the ground during each stride (American Heritage Dictio nary of the English Language, 2000). The explore by Bramble and Lieberman (2004, cited in Nature, 2004), which was presented earlier, seems to indicate that running has been part of human universe of discourse since its beginnings and, in fact, contributed significantly to development of human deportment today. Humans no longer require running for survival, at least in their popular affairs that is, typically, humans do not have to run from jeopardy or run in pursuit of animals to kill for food. In modern times, running has taken on a new form contender foot bucket along. This competition racing can be against oneself to achieve ones own personal best or with others. Racing against others can take many forms ranging from in semi-formal competitions between 2 young friends racing against one other on a playground to very formal competitions such as those in the quadrennial Olympics. The more formal running competitions are typically classified by the length of the run 100, 2 00, 400, 800, 1500, 5000, and 10000 meters as well as marathons (Dollman, 2003).There are many terms that refer to specific forms of foot racing run, dash, sprint, relay, meet, competitive trial of speed, tally, and marathon (Websters New World Thesaurus, 1997). Of these, the terms dash and sprint are typically used interchangeably to describe a short, fast run or race (Websters New World Dictionary, 1988) or a short, swift relocation (Websters New World Thesaurus, 1997). Organized dashes and sprints are unremarkably of 50 meters, 100 meters, 200 meters, 50 yards, 100 yards, and 200 yards in length (Websters New World Thesaurus, 1997). Marathons are a form of long-distance call running, which are on- and off-the-track competitions of more than 3000 meters (Hlus, 1997). Specifically, a marathon is a footrace of 42 kilometers, 195 meters (26 miles, 385 yards) run over an open course, or any long-distance or endurance contest People who compete in marathons are called marathoners (Websters New World Dictionary, 1998). Physiologically, there is a fundamental difference between a sprint or dash and a marathon. jibe to Pritchard (1994), A sprinter can exert maximum force throughout the run, but this is not possible for longer runs, where propulsive force must be clipd to match energy availability.Historically, marathons are not new events. concord to legend, the name marathon is derived from the Greek city, Marathon, to commemorate Pheidippidess run from that city to Athens to announce Greek victory over the Persians. The marathon was introduced to the Olympics in 1896 and todays official distance was established in 1908. (Hlus, 1997 The capital of southwestward Carolina Encyclopedia, 2005) Today, in addition to marathon races in the Olympics, many cities throughout the world serve as sites for annual or other periodic marathons (The capital of South Carolina Encyclopedia, 2005).A new form of marathon race has recently taken formthe ultramarathon, which is a ny organized footrace compensateing beyond the standard marathon running distance of 42 kilometers, 195 metersthey typically begin at 50 kilometers and extend to enormous distances (Blaikie, n. d.). Standard distances for ultramarathons are 50 and 100 kilometers and 50 and 100 miles (Meyers, 2002) with the longest certified race being the Sri Chinmoy, a 2092 kilometer race held annually in New York (Blaikie, n. d.).Definition of the Term BiomechanicsThe research produced numerous and varied definitions for the term biomechanics. The following are representative of the findingsThe study of the mechanics of a living body, especially of the forces exerted by muscles and gravity on the skeletal structure. (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 2000).The practical application of mechanical engineering principles and techniques in the line of business of medicine and surgery, studying natural structures to break those produced by humans (The Hutchinson Encyclopedia , 2003).A science examining the forces acting upon and within a biologic structure, and the effects produced by those forces (The University of Calgary, n. d.).The science that deals with forces and their effects, applied to biological systems (Freivalds, 2004).The application of the principles and techniques of mechanics to the human body in intercommunicate (Snowden, 2001).Biomechanics is a specific field which evaluates the motion of a living organismand the actions of forces on that organisma combination of several different areas of study including anatomy and physiology, kinematics (the study of motion without regard to its causes), kinesiology (the study of human battlefront) and kinetics (the study of forces acting on a system) (National Endurance Sports Trainers Association, 2005).In furnishing a definition for biomechanics, the Quintic Consultancy Ltd. (2005) provides some additional insight into the origin and details of the term, stating that the name is derived from the Greek bios meaning life-time and mekhaniki meaning mechanics, adding that these individual terms are combined to mean the mechanics of life forms. The biomechanics discipline includes research into diverse life forms including plants, insects, reptiles, birds, fish, humans, and others. Within the human specialty, topics include mechanics of bone, tooth, muscle, tendon, ligament, cartilage, skin, prostheses, blood flow, air flow, eye movement, joint movement and whole body movement (The Quintic Consultancy Ltd., 2005).Historically, according to Knudson (2003), the study of human biomechanics has alternated between emphasizing each of its two componentsthe biological and the mechanical. Atwater (1980, cited in Knudson, 2003) claims that, during the first half of the twentieth century, scholars emphasized medicine and anatomy under the term kinesiology. The distinct field of biomechanics was born from the work of biomechanists in the 1960s and 1970s. From that point the field be gan to emphasize mechanics over biology. Today, the competing forces to move the discipline either toward a biological emphasis or toward a mechanical emphasis continue (Knudson, 2003).Application of Biomechanics to Running with Reference to Marathon RunnersThe field of biomechanics, already change in a previous section from consideration of all life forms to only humans for the purpose of this essay, can be focused even further to a sub-field called sports biomechanics (The Quintic Consultancy Ltd., 2005)Sports biomechanics uses the scientific methods of mechanics to study the effects of various forces on the sports performer. It is concerned, in particular, with the forces that act on the human neuromusculoskeletal system, velocities, accelerations, torque, momentum, and inertia. It also considers aspects of the fashion of sports implements, footwear and surfaces where these affect athletic performance or spot cake. Sports biomechanics can be divided up into two sections perfo rmance improvement and injury prevention.The Australian Sports missionary work (n. d.) furnishes additional descriptive information on the application of biomechanics to sports, using a term the Commission calls applied sports biomechanics which incorporates techniques from physics, human anatomy, mathematics, computing and engineering to analyse technique to prevent injury and improve performance. The Commissions division of sports biomechanics into two categoriesperformance improvement and injury preventionechoes the classifications offered by The Quintic Consultancy Ltd.Williams (2003) describes how biomechanics can help runner performance, specifically that of the marathoner. Leading into his recommendations, he describes how marathon runners use a simple biomechanical strategy known as drafting off another runner when running into the wind to reduce the adverse effects of air resistance and reduce oxygen utilization for the latter part of the race. He writesThe goal of the s port biomechanist is to improve movement dexterity, mainly by maximizing propulsive forces and minimizing resistive forces, and thus provide the athlete with a mechanical edge. Using high-speed cinematography, the biomechanist can try out a runners form and detect problems in running form that may be inefficient, such as overstriding, and that may yearn energy. Although most elite and experienced marathoners have developed efficient running styles, even a small improvement in running ability may make a significant difference over the duration of a marathon.In addition to the strategy of drafting off another runner, Williams offers several other biomechanical strategies including selecting the proper sportswear (i.e. uniform and shoes) and optimizing body weight and composition.Thus far the topics of anatomical differences between men and women with specific reference to running definitions and descriptions of the terms marathon (as an organized, competitive form of running) and biomechanics and the application of biomechanics to running have been presented and discussed. With this as a foundation, the focus of the discourse now turns to the topic of biomechanical differences between male and female marathon runners and closely-related topics.OBJECTIVE AND SCOPEThe objective of this portion of the essay will be to explore the biomechanical differences between male and female marathon runners through a review and analysis of selected literature on the topic and related issues.The scope of the literature review will include marathon running with specific reference to available information on the differences between males and females. Although running of shorter distances (e.g. sprints and dashes) and longer distances (e.g. ultramarathons) as well as other sports activities are excluded from the specific scope of this essay, references will be made to these activities when they related to marathon running. Performance improvement and injury prevention were me ntioned as the two primary areas addressed by applied sports biomechanics. Gender-specific issues in each of these areas will be explored briefly as well.REVIEW OF EXISTING RESEARCH ON METHODS AND FINDINGSOne researcher who has studied gender differences in endurance performance, including marathon running, is Stephen Seiler (1996) of The Institute for Sport, Agder College in Kristianstad, Norway. He writes Some years agone it was proposed by some that women would actually perform better than men at ultra-endurance part activities. This theory has been disproved in the laboratory and in practice. As long as women are women, I dont think they will bastinado men, states Norways perennial marathon winner Grete Waitz (quoted in Holden, 2004). The anatomical differences between females and their male counterparts, specifically those that affect running, were presented in the introduction. Now an attempt will be made to show that the general anatomical differences between men and women extend to biomechanical differences that affect marathon running performance and injury.Holschen (2004) writes that The female athlete rest less well understood and less well studied compared with male athletes, especially in the areas of performance factors, repetitive stress, and acute injuries. She continues Logical reasons for this include (a) a limited two-generation span of the high-profile elite female (b) fewer females involved in coaching, research, and sports medicine and (c) limited areas of female youth sports historically (gymnastics, swimming, dance). The public of Holschens findings proved to be true in the current research activity. There were remarkably few available sources on the biomechanics involved in womens marathon running. Most of the research either applied to males or did not identify the gender. Results from a review of selected research literature will be presented in this section beginning with gender-differentiated research results on running perform ance. Following this, results of research into the two applied sports biomechanics specialties will be presented with a focus on studies concerning footwear and injuries.Holden (2004) writes about performance in running with special attention to female runners. She quotes physiologist Henrik Larsen of the Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre in explaining womens marathon performance vis--vis men Women had not developed long distance thats why the improvement is much greater on the marathon. Larsen, who seems to attribute the performance improvements of female marathoners to focused training instead of anatomic factors, claims that we dont see any higher oxidative capacity in women. Holden also offers comments by exercise physiologist Timothy Noakes of the University of Cape Town, South Africa who agrees with Larsens assessment A smaller body frame gives women an edge on endurancebut men can run 10% faster even when the difference in body size is controlled for.Stephen Seiler (1996), wh o was quoted at the start of this section stating that the proposal that women could perform better in ultra-endurance activities has been disproved, confirms that there are some physiologic differences between the sexes that impact performance in females independent of age. He notes that there is a ten percent difference in marathon times between men and women, adding that this difference is the selfsame(prenominal) across the distance running performance spectrum. He attributes this difference, not to a difference in training, but to physiological differences. He studied maximal oxygen consumption, the lactate threshold, and efficiency to analyze the differences between men and women as these factors might affect long-distance running performanceMaximal oxygen Consumption. There is a 43 percent difference between men and women with men possessing a VO2 max (oxygen- endureing capacity measure) of 3.5 liters per minute and women with a capacity of 2.0 liters per minute. Seiler att ributes this in part to male size men are larger. But, even when size is factored in, male oxygen consumption capacity is still xv to twenty percent higher. Males have a greater capacity to deliver oxygen to their muscles and organs.The Lactate Threshold. This is the point at which lactic acid begins to conglomerate at higher than normal levels in the blood stream indicating an exercise intensity boundary at which the level of intensity can be maintained over a long period and that which will result in quick fatigue. Seiler does not believe that lactate thresholds are different for men and women as a percentage of their VO2 max.Efficiency. After finding inappropriate information comparing the efficiency of males and femalesrevealing that females are less efficient, more efficient, or the same as males in terms of efficiencySeiler believes that differences in efficiency do not account for the differences in endurance performance.Seiler concludes with his mark that the ten percent performance difference between men and women in endurance running can be attributed to the first of the three physiological factors he studiedmaximal oxygen consumption.Another researcher who explored gender differences in athletics, and especially in endurance events, is Dollman (2003). Citing Shepard (2000), Dollman writes that there is consistent evidence, base on observations, that males possess larger measures of the following (quoted)Heart volume, even when right for stature.Haematocrit, which gives males a 13 percent greater oxygen-carrying capacity than females.Plasma volume. nub muscle mass, which means that females perform the same absolute task at a higher percentage of maximum voluntary contraction, with concomitant vascular impedance limiting cardiac ejection and peak cardiac output.In addition, male skeletal muscles may have a higher succinate dehydrogenase (an total membrane protein) concentration (Dollman, 2003, citing Costill, et al., 1987). Males may produce be tter mechanical efficiency during running (Dollman, 2003, citing Miura, 1997) although this is arguable as it may be rooted in cultural origins (Dollman, 2003, citing Shepard, 2000).Now attention will turn briefly to a review of selected research into the two primary application areas addressed by applied sports biomechanics running performance and injuries. Regarding performance, footwear will be discussed followed by a presentation of selected findings on research into injuries. Gender issues will be introduced.Lipsky (2001, citing Hennig, 2001) presented research findings on gender-specific requirements for athletic footwear designed for running. The research try involved fifteen women and seventeen men of the same body weights, heights, and ages. apiece subject wore the same shoe size and each tested louvre types of shoes which included three styles of mens shoes and two styles for women. Using Kistler force platforms at a set velocity, ground force reactions, tibial accelera tion, angular foot motion, and plantar pressures at eight strategical locations on the foot were measured. Accordin

Coverage of Child Rights Issues in Pakistani Print Media

C everyplaceage of boor Rights Issues in Pakistani cross MediaChapter 2lit ReviewA belles-lettres refreshen is an critical root of stateation found in the literature related to the selected reach of study. It is a process of reading, analyzing, evaluating, and summarizing scholarly materials about a specific topic. The results of a literature review whitethorn be compiled in a report or they may serve as part of a investigate member, thesis, or grant proposal.(Hart,1998)A literature review is a clay of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge including substantive conclusions as well as theoretical and methodo transp bent contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews argon secondary sources, and as such(prenominal), do not report some(prenominal) new or original experimental institute. Also, a literature review potful be interpreted as a review of an summary accomplishment (Dellinger, Leech, 2007).A well-structured literature review is characterized by a logical flow of ideas current and relevant references with consistent, appropriate referencing style proper make use of of terminology and a comprehensive view of the previous question on the topic (ibid).In this search Coverage of small fry rights issues in Pakistani Print Media a comparative study of incline and Urdu news physical compositions researcher uses thematic nightclub for literature review. Thematic reviews of literature argon organized roughly a topic or issue, rather than the progression of time. Researcher divides the literature review into two percentages.Studies on infant rights in PakistanInter depicted object studies on barbarian rightsStudies on Child rights in Pakistani mediaStudies on Child rights in International mediaStudies on compassionate rightsMedia studies on Human rights2.1. Studies on Child Rights in PakistanOMCT (2003) inform in Pakistan Report on the murder of the Convention on the Rights of the Child by Pakistan th at in particular, that tikeren are at a high risk to be subject to various forms of step and cruel, in benignant, or degrading treatment and punishment. OMCT is aware that many of the structural causes of the violations of boorrens rights wait economic and social change at a structural level, we nonetheless feel that some fundamental legislative and administrative changes in the state would enable a split carrying out of churlrens rights that could lead to a considerable betterment in the lot of children. Therefore, OMCT would like to make several(prenominal) conclusions and recommendations, both legislative and practical.Sadruddin (2011) identified in study on the grand issues of child rights in Pakistan that the important issues of children in Pakistan, during 2004-2008. This research article aims to inform practitioners and policy makers, in an effort to move child rights and childrens plight in especially difficult circumstances to the forefront of the public conscien ce. The value and grandness of children has withal been highlighted in the study. The efficacy of the implementation of child rights by Pakistani Government has too been revealed. The study revealed that the issues of children were over faint in Pakistan during the hold few years. The Convention on the Rights of Child did not serve as a contractd savior. Education, credentials and social rights were not given proper prudence during the last five years imputable to which, much effective results were not produced in improving child rights. Although the needs of children and their rights, particularly social and security rights were well understood, but were not well addressed, both on social and political platform. The study concluded that Pakistan was unsuccessful in addressing the issues of Children in Pakistan to its scoop up as the issues of children were found in a vulnerable state.Khan (2011) dogged in his work implementing law against child labor a research study of Pa kistan that child Labor is alship canal related to the violation of the radical rights of children. However, every work that children indulge in cannot be categorized as child labor. This article assesses the International norms regarding child labor after understand the notion of child labor. This article aims to highlight the socio-economic issues responsible for the profusion of child labor in a society. This article thus analyzes the different approaches towards child labor eradication and the prominent hurdles in implementing international and national norms against child labor. A case study of assessing hurdles in laws implementation is done in Pakistan. Pakistan is an economically developing state, that is why the cases of children indulging in health hazard work is prominent.2.2 International studies on Child rightsJones (2011) draw in what are childrens rights? Contemporary developments and debates how the idea of child rights has emerged, strikeing the ways in which di fferent advocateures for change continue to develop the way rights are legislated for and understood. It has given brief examples of the kinds of policies that are emerging and has shown how changes in long-held attitudes and practices are a consequence of the child rights agenda. The chapter introduced areas key to child rights including the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), and the UKs Human Rights Act 1996 (HRA). Examples that link child rights to their lived experiences were used to illustrate the ways in which the practical application of legislation strikes children and those working with them.Kim (2008) paper considers whether letting children melt work and school is a valid and effective approach in Cambodia. Policy makers suggestions that child labor should be allowed to some extent due to household poverty appear ungrounded as no signicant similarity betwixt childrens work and household povert y is found spell arranging school time table s exibly in order to accommodate households perceived need for childrens labor may affix problem s of insufcient teaching hours if schools conduct their time tables un reliably. Considering these issue s, the paper suggests the need for a more diversied app roach to dealing with the pretend of child labor on their school education.Claire (2012) Investigated the relationship between way and cognition in a study with 105 3-7 yr olds intentional to test the implications of 2 major theories of childrens drawings. The classical or designual scheme considers the young childs drawing of the human figure as an index of his concept of a man, and predicts uniformity across figural tasks which vary media and instructions. In contrast, R. Arnheim defines the representational process as the invention of structurally equivalent forms in a given medium, and predicts that representation will vary as a die of the task and the medium. Results of 1 1 representational tasks support Arnheims theory that representation varies as a function of the medium, instructions, practice, the provision of parts, and the childs developmental level.Sadruddin (2012) evaluated in critical studies on the Asian countries assessment on children rights that the Implementation of Children rights in few Asian Countries, particularly, Pakistan. The study identified the important issues of children in Asian Countries besides foreground the value and importance of children. The study conclude that although the issues of children were highlighted by most of the Asian countries but the practical Implementation of the Children Rights in Asia, particularly Pakistan, were over shadowed during the last few years. Very few laws were imposed in upgrade of children rights without practical imposition to resolve the issues of children in Asia.2.3 Studies on child rights in Pakistani mediaIFJ (2002) reported in Putting Children in the Right that Those flavor fo r a check list to work from may find this section annoyingly imprecise. The overall duty of a journalist or other media professional doing this kind of work is to act in the best interests of the child and of children and to try to deal with ethical issues with clarity and honesty. This will not guarantee that they make no mistakes, but would dramatically improve the quality of media insurance coverage of childrens issues. The Convention on the Rights of the Child is based on the sum of peace, dignity, tolerance, freedom, equality and solidarity. Journalists should extend those qualities to children. The daily challenge to journalists and media organizations is particularly felt in reporting of children and their rights.Jabeen (2014) This research article child protection data an abbreviation of news coverage of child protection issues in Pakistan, argues for the need of regular data, not only for recognition of child protection issues, but also for formulation and implemen tation of policy and practice responses in Pakistan. Through a overbearing review of the newspaper coverage of child protection issues over a period of 20 years, the actual and potential risks to children are highlighted, thus, providing a methodological justification to use newspapers coverage as a participate of child protection problems. Further, with its focus on the row and content of the coverage, this article shows how representation of child protection issues in the publish media reflect the lively reality on the one hand, and on the other may affect peoples perceptions of these issues.2.4 Studies on child rights in International mediaCheity (2004) reported in his research work the coverage of child familiar subvert in popular magazines since the early 1990s. The article employs systematic analysis to identify and analyze articles in four popu-lar magazines. Articles are analyzed by subject, length, and publication. The results plump for established theories of newsw orthiness related to the coverage of specific stories over time. However, inter-est in the subject waned in the past 10 years, with the brief and dramatic expulsion of coverage connected to the Catholic Church in 2002. The findings demonstrate systematic rests between the slants of the four magazines studied. The findings also suggest that child abomination professionals could improve the quality of cover-age by agreeing to interviews in connection with articles about childhood sexual maltreatment.Goddard Saunders (2000) explained in their research work the gander neglect and textual abuse of child rights in score media that in recent years the relationship between the media and child abuse has been subjected to closer inspection. Research at Monash University into the media portrayal of child abuse has led the researchers to examine the language used by the print media to represent both children who have been abused or neglected and the offences perpetrate against them. This paper presents two findings from this research. The analysis firstly found that a child who has been abused or neglected may be objectified in print media language even when the childs gender is previously identified. Secondly, the analysis found that the language used to describe the sexual abuse of children may serve to reduce the seriousness of offences. These phenomena, termed gender neglect and textual abuse, are highlighted by examples from UK and Australian print media. The authors argue that critical language awareness is important for children, just as it has been identified in research that examines the representation of women in print media.Wilczynski, Sinclair, and young (1999) explained in their study incorrupt Tales Representations of Child Abuse in the Quality and Tabloid Media that although child abuse is a favorite topic for media stories, there has been little research on how the media portrays such issues. The present research examined the media construction of child abuse in a comprehensive sample of all 1302 reports on the subject during 1995 in a representative quality and tabloid newspaper in NSW. wicked justice agencies were the predominant sources used for the stories child abusers were individualized and demonized by the cut and used to promote law and order agendas and there was little coverage of the social causes of abuse and prevention issues. Although both the quality and tabloid press demonstrated these features, there were some marked differences between the coverage in the two sources, such as a much greater fury on individual cases in the tabloid press.2.6 Media studies on Human rightsSial (2009) explained in his research named Human rights Reporting in Pakistani Media that Media reports on human rights influence people, but there is a lack of investigative reporting on human rights issues in Pakistan. The journalists do not have the needed expertise and training to investigate and report on rights issues. Only a few jo urnalists are committed to human rights reporting whereas most of them are either indifferent to or skeptical of rights issues. The environment is comparatively better for human rights reporting in the English media where journalists are not agonistic to work in multiple areas and have an educated audience. The Urdu media relies much on sensationalization, a narrative devoid of investigation and personal bias. A equilibrize and impartial analysis of the issues is largely misssing.Dunn (2012) explained in his research paper on emerging sociological theories on human rights social structure, human agency, and variety that sociological theories of human rights are relatively less developed, but such frameworks are crucial for the development of the unique contributions to the human rights topic that sociology can make. Foremost among these is conceptualizing the role of inter-relationships between social structure, human agency, and inequality as they impact human rights and efforts to promote them.Nwanko (2011) reported in his research work Role of the media in promoting human rights an analysis of the BBC documentary umber The acidulated Truth. This study has tried to look into what role the media play in the forwarding of human rights. This was done by looking into the case of BBC One and the documentary, chocolate the bitter truth, which it produced. The documentary dwelt on the use of child tote in cocoa farms in West Africa. The study was aimed at finding the reason why the BBC chose to promote human rights through the production of the documentary. It also tried to find out how the contents of the documentary are mold to promote human rights. Human rights theories literature arc commonly conflicting to one or both ofAeijaz (n.d.) expressed in his thesis speculative and Philosophical foundation of human rights that human rights theories interpreted as typeface of philosophical optimism, even arrogance. The philosophical task is to explicate Minows dilemma of difference and acknowledge both the fact and fluidity of difference.The objectives of undercurrent research are intending to investigate the comparative analysis of coverage of child rights in Urdu and English Pakistani newspapers. The study of Sial (2009) reported coverage of human rights in Pakistani news media. The findings of that study revealed that Urdu Newspapers sensationalizing the issue. Other studies of literature review are also supporting the arguments of the current research.

How The Nuclear Agenda Influenced American Popular Culture History Essay

How The atomic order of business Influenced American touristed Culture History Es labelAugust 6th, 1945, ushered in the beginning of a unfermented era, cardinal to be for of all condemnation so know as the Atomic Age. The dropping of the worldly concerns first corpuscle neglect over Hiroshima signalled a defining moment in human history. From that moment on the atomic schedule would come to entice not al ane external affairs, further the e genuinelyday lives of people all roughly the world. The 17 twelvemonth fulfilment from 1945-62 saw huge swaps for American society, in particular the growing and expansion of favorite culture. How in fact usual culture was regularised by this unexampled-fashi angiotensin-converting enzymed thermo atomic agendum h archaics the basis for this strain. It impart focus on both(prenominal) the at once influences of a natural atomic culture, as noticeable as the in condition influences that a vernal-made atomic wo rld had on the ordinary arts. For the pur beget of this essay it is essential to stick a functional definition for common culture, in this instance public culture will be defined as a commercialized culture ground on popular tastes. From Hollywood scenes to comic books, a new atomic technology became an important characteristic in portraying the lives of everyday Americans. along with a new kind of atomic diplomacy theses influences would show themselves in or so of the greatest pieces of twentieth century popular culture. What this meant for a nuclear generation and how it showed the signs of a pagan revival will be additional themes to explore.The atomic flunk revolutionised American life. In all areas economic, social, political it challenged old assumptions and forced recon nerveration of accepted standards (Winkler, 1999 9). The dropping of the first atomic go on that historic day insured at least one thing, a changed world. Rosenblatt neatly describes it, as a moment where nothing has ever been the same since. From that moment everything changed subsequent struggles, subsequent peace, art, culture, the position of intuition, the role of the military, worldwide politics, and the conduct of lives all changed. different ages in history were characterized by heroes or by ideas. The atomic age is characterized by a implement and a threat. (Rosenblatt, 20051)The end to fighting in World war II brought a period of congener peace in which popular culture was allowed to flourish. Boyer (1985) reveals that this new popular culture encompassed hearty-nigh areas of recreational life, although there were many alterations in by-lines and tastes. During the 50s and 60s particularly, popular culture appealed to a younger generation who had produce an increasingly crucial social group. Rock nRoll had become the main focal direct for a young generation, and the novel realization of breaking a management from childhood, caused the teenagers to become a defined social group in their own right. Teenagers began to cull the old fashioned attitudes and conventions of their parents and rebel against conformity. As stated by Shapiro (2002) this new generation of teenagers started developing a culture from the American teenage authority of life, and alongside the behaviour got themselves part- beat jobs to help them earn money to lapse on movies, fashion, music and other entertainment. Boyer (1985) agrees adding that teenagers could now secure a vertical follow of money for their destinys and needs like making trips to the movies and the purchasing of commercial goods, which became big business for the advertisement and snap industries, which duly swooped in on their opportunities. Films which were produced and targeted by the teenage audience solely served to unite the teenage see much extensively. With films like Rebel with stunned a Cause (1954) and The Wild unmatchable (1953) movies presented a separate image for t he teenage rebel. The indirect effect of a growing nuclear schedule, seemingly allowed a world free from direct military conflict to find its voice again. War time popular culture had been heavily centred around the war effort, yet in this draft period popular culture begun to revolutionise. It became increasingly important for a stock World War II America to enjoy this time of relative peace. Subsequently this saw a huge rise in a new consumerism in which trends and fashions that had seemingly been put on hold during the war geezerhood, could dominate popular culture once again.The changing dynamics of a nuclear agenda began to have a more direct influence on popular culture, this period created what Zeman and Admundson (2004) call the proterozoic atomic culture. This decided period saw an escalation in the nuclear agendas influence on the organization of popular culture. Both the en consequentlyiasm and awe surrounding new nuclear weapons would be portrayed in this expansi ve new arena. From the secrecy of the Manhattan pop to its introduction on a world stage in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, this new technology offset an atomic culture. It would be wrong to say that later its first military use the pelt became a subject for worship and anxiety. In truth the majority of Americans at that time were unaware nuclear weapons blush existed. For many this was the weapon that had ended the war, saved thousands of American lives and brought front a longed for epoch of peace. As Winkler agrees, Americans first reaction overwhelmingly was one of euphoria and the break down became celebrated in popular culture in a nearly-liked country western song, When the Atom dud Fell, recorded in December 1945, which attested to this view as it declared the bomb the process to our fighting prayers boys(in Zeman and Amundson, 20043).Many Americans set aside lurking guardianships of the new nuclear weapon as they contemplated the golden age of abundance that beckoned aft er World War II. They were further persuaded by the speeches of President Truman who hailed the atomic bomb as a god given tremendous discovery and one to bring together one human community. Others like David Lilienthal where besides quick to speak out over the measureless beneficial applications of atomic energy (Winkler, 1999 137). The atomic bomb proceed throughout the period to be coatingly linked with its positive degree benefits and government programs attempted to educate the public more or less the experience hobo the bomb. An educational video produced by none other than Walt Disney was commissioned in 1957 entitle Our Friend the Atom, which attempted to demonstrate the benefits of the nuclear age and the inquire of this new technology. This film was shown in schools throughout America and became increasingly significant in showing nuclear power in a booming light. Other videos such as A is for Atom sponsored and paid for by General Electric were also produced to try and help explain the benefits of nuclear technology. This is not to say that the dropping of the bomb in Hiroshima went unnoticed. As rear by Gamson H.V.Kaltenborn, the dean of radio news commentators, warned his NBC audience on the very same day, For all we know we have created a Frankenstein We must look at that with the passage of only a littler time, an im prove form of the new weapon we use today can be turned against us. (198715)The continued promotion of the nuclear agenda also expanded to the American commercial markets, and the wonders of the bomb became tied in with consumerism. 1946 saw the General Mills potbelly expansion into Atomic Bomb Rings with the Kix cereal boxtop. Advertised as a gleaming aluminium warhead, see real atoms SPLIT cried the advert, and some 750,000 American children inundated General Mills for their own Atomic Bomb Ring. Boyer (1985) identifies this move from a promotional premium, to that which actually premeditated several cultural themes t hat would obsess America in the years ahead. Another example from Boyer reveals that only eld after the dropping of the bomb on Hiroshima, retail shops were offer atomic sales and products offering atomic results. (1985 9) This type of cultural consumerism seems null of the true fear that would come to surround the nuclear agenda. Instead it highlights the presumable ease into which America welcomed the birth of the atomic bomb although this was not everlastingly the case.This period in American history coincided with attempts at a new world order and the emergence of the United States as a planetary superpower. Political, social, economic and ideological issues became not only domestic barely transnational issues. The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan in particular were set up to help fund an American friendly Europe. The movement of the nuclear agenda began to change with the American foreign policy of Containment, an uneasy separation both geographically and ideologic al, which would see Churchill talk up fears of an Iron Curtain. These international fears would twinkle a concern of a superpower rivalry and after the Soviet tests of 1949 2 countries with conflicting ideologies now had the most destructive weapon ever invented.Hollywood was quick in using the new found nuclear agenda for film ideas. The Manhattan project was dramatized in the 1947 film The Beginning or the End, one of the first of several films on the subject. The film tackled the creation of the atomic bomb and its subsequent use in both Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Film throw awayrs saw this new nuclear agenda, as a story waiting to be told. unmatched of the trailers produced at the time to promote the film showed an interviewer asking movie goers for their suasions on what theyd just seen. You cant ignore this picture one women express and the most important motion picture I have ever seen said another. These along with taglines such as the men, the magic the machines saw an inc reased interest in the development of the bomb. The subject matter was of course both spectacular and dangerously fascinating to a new generation. It talked somewhat the secrecy bed the Manhattan Project and the destructive power tardily the bomb. It led many to pose questions in particular like that within the films title was this the beginning or the end? The film industry could now see the need and want of the people to know about the bomb. Much of the film was of course a sensationalised view, and alot of what the Manhattan Project was actually about was unknown by those making the films. Although the horizon and an increased interest around the bomb would see that the nuclear agenda would continue to influence film.A particular music genre within Hollywood that would see a rise in popularity at this time was film noir. As Kakutani identifies in the wake of World War II and with anxieties created by the dawning of the atomic age, film noir a sometimes nihilistic genre became galvanised. The likes of Kiss Me Deadly and Fallen Angel found success at the box office. The genre with its partiality to outsiders and deeply rebellious themes inevitably appeared and emblematized at a time of deep stress. (2001 1) These kinds of Hollywood films began to show a public attitude that the nuclear agenda had brought about.Hunner (in Zeman and Amundson) describes the nuclear agenda as a totally new age, one full of promise and peril. People searched for a new way of living under this new age thus creating this new culture. And the reason why the nuclear agenda began to find its way into popular culture had a lot to do with the changing nature of nuclear importance. From the creation of the atom bomb moving to the advances with the first nuclear power plant, the science behind the bomb began to spread to new technologies. atomic powered aeroplanes and submarines were just some of the uses that that the Unites States found for nuclear energy. Even with these new adva nces a key move point for the bomb would come in 1949. Zeman and Amundson (2004) identify this development from the early atomic culture morphing into the high atomic culture of 1949 to 1963. The following years were seemingly different from the earlier phases, as one key turning point would stress. This period saw the American nuclear monopoly which had been expected to last until the 1960s, come to an abrupt end in August of 1949. The Soviets after Hiroshima had been working from the American design to produce an atom bomb for itself, and the first Soviet test in Kazakhstan steppe signalled a build up of arms. The Soviet atomic test ensured a changing nuclear agenda from the wonder of technology to a characterization of an enemy. A two superpower world would change the very nature of popular culture.The change in nuclear agenda saw an alteration in the types of films macrocosm produced in Hollywood. In the 1950s and 1960s, a number of movies attempted to make social commentarie s on the war. As Day reveals Films like On the B individually, infract Safe and The Bedford Incident all took a grim tone about humanitys future, wagging a finger at world leaders who held the fate of the world in their hands and implying that words like democracy and communism had little meaning when the world was teetering on the brink of Armageddon. (Day, 2004 1). The shift in agenda also introduced the introduction of the B movies which entertained the fear of mutilation. Films such as Them where giant ants mutated by atomic actinotherapy threaten US cities in the South West, and Attack of the Crab Monster were becoming increasingly popular to an American audience. The links to events in the international community such as the nuclear accident in Castle Bravo and Chelyabinsk in 1957 brought about a sense of anxiety. The idea of being open(a) to dangerous levels of radiation further influenced the idea of mutation. One of the most recognised films of this period and one that w ould inspire numerous re-makes was Godzilla. The original Hollywood version in 1954 is considered to be the correspondence of the nuclear weapons which were dropped in Japan. The film unlike its B movie counterparts had a bigger budget and became instantly popular. Other films such as Mickey Rooneys Atomic Kid (1954) which appeared to disassociate the potential of nuclear radiation, failed to do so well at the box office. Later films such as Dr Strangelove would also focus on the idea of a doomsday advice. Other signs that showed the increasing implication of the nuclear agenda were no more spare than in the Laurel and Hardy motion picture Atoll K. A well loved and admire comedy duo choose for their last subterfuge outing to portray a shipwreck on an island rich in Uranium deposits. It was a far cry from there simplistic and popular humour which had served them well earlier in their careers. In truth Hollywood had become infiltrated by a collection of A and B movies each adding t heir representations to the nuclear agenda.As well as Hollywood films the American well-bred Defence began producing advice videos such as Burt the Turtle and Duck for Cover. They were clearly designed to help to combat the fear of nuclear catastrophe, and were used to reassure the prevalent public about the dangers of nuclear weapons. They would usually involve drills for mass remainder to side effect shelters, and popularized the likes of Duck and Cover. The drills with their indications of dissonantly empty streets and the hiding activity from the nuclear bomb under the schoolroom desk, would later could turn into symbols of the expected ineluctable and popular fate formed by those weapons. Most Americans were affected by these videos, oddly amongst those in the richer classes who could afford the back-yard fallout shelters which offered a diminutive protection from the direct attack and could keep away from the wind-blown fallout, for some geezerhood or weeks.Popular cultu re within America increased extensively in the early 1950s and 60s, with widespread tensions growing amongst segregated groups in society. The cultural significance of such movements as the non violent rebellion 1955-60, brought the hope of peace and par for many Americans. The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the influence of charismatic escape leaders such as Martin Luther King promoted the need for non-violence such a belief directly opposed the violent and intermediating prospect of nuclear war. As King himself was quoted in a speech denouncing atomic warfare entitled Time to Break Silence, Communism will never be defeated by the use of atomic bombs or nuclear weapons. These are days which demand wise restraint and calm reasonableness. Whilst King was a strong figure fighting for an end to segregation and civilised rights the effect of the nuclear agenda was still quite evident in all aspects of American life. Fairclough points out if it were not for the nuclear agenda the case an d call for civil rights might have been addressed a generation earlier. (2001 249)The effect of prior atomic tests and the sight of great chemical explosions found itself positioned in kitsch art. Titus (in Zeman and Amundson) recognises how the pick served as symbol for weapons themselves. Pictures on the nuclear weapons never became public until 1960 and even those were only the mock-ups for the Fat Man and the Little Boy. Diagrams of the bombs interior working have been obtainable only for the last few years since design for nuclear weapons became the most strictly guarded secret. These all had an impact of fear on society has well as the nuclear diplomacy that developed amongst the United States and the Soviet Union. The nuclear agenda found itself quickly congenital within American life.The nuclear agenda that followed the end of fighting in WWII took on a life of its own, and yet was not the first time popular culture had embraced nuclear technology. Ironically the first r eference to the nuclear agenda comes not after its first military use but it can be traced back to 1908 in H.G Wells, The War in the nisus as well as his subsequently work The World fixate Free. The novels first explored the prospect of a nuclear holocaust and an atomic bomb that would be used in war. Perhaps even more grievous was the influence it would have on one Leo Szilard. The nuclear agenda might have started life as science fiction but its influence would most definitely lead to science fact. At a time of a new found fascination in the science behind the bomb, it would seem inevitable that the science fiction genre would capture an increased popularity, and it did. Suddenly the question of what the future might hold, the question of what if, gained a horrible new importance. Now, instead of looking a thousand years ahead, humanity was looking at the hands of a Doomsday clock that were edging close set(predicate) to midnight. (Plested, 20091). Nuclear weapons would becom e a fastener ingredient in the science fiction novels. The phrase atomic bomb predated their law of continuation when scientist had realized the ending of radioactivity had a potential implication of limitless energy. Until then, the word atomic had been nothing more than a convenient turn of events in science fiction, a buzzword that provided power for everything from pistols to robots to spaceships. Once the atomic bomb had been used, it proved this scientific leap forward, a leap which proved that science fiction authors were not such wild-eyed dreamers as had been thought (Plested, 2009 1). However, the science fiction novels began to follow and treat the threat of potential nuclear fallout and its implications for society. Newman, K. (2000) notes the various popular novels like the Babylon, Alas and On the Beach reviewed the consequence of the nuclear war. Other science fiction novels like A Canticle for Leibowitz exposed the long-standing consequences of a nuclear war. Han d in hand with the immediate perils of thermonuclear death, science fiction introduced the public to the other horsemen of the new Apocalypse Fallout, Nuclear Winter, and Mutation. The latter provided heady fare for the filmmakers of the 1950s, with screens filled with shambling monstrosities of every shape, coat and species. (Plested, 20091)The crisis of the iciness War coincided with the emergence of the Television, it grew in stature and with the growth of consumerism by the 1950s the TV quickly became a technological novelty an inescapable medium that quickly rivalled the power of movies, radio and mass circulation magazines (Whifield, 1991153). In 1946 around 7000 American owned their own television set and by 1960, 50 million sets had been purchased and over 530 stations were available by 1961. Yet the naive realism of nuclear weapons haunted not just photographs and newsreels of Hiroshima and Nagasaki but visions of the future. In 1950 feel predicted the growing likelihoo d of World War III in the essay How U.S. Cities Cab Prepare for Atomic War. Colliers described a hypothetical atomic attack on New York in Hiroshima U.S.A Can anything be through with(p) about it? (Boyd, 1985 23) Nuclear anxieties boosted the popularity of psychoanalysis an probed the subconscious.Signs of the impacted nuclear agenda also found their way into the music industry. Many songs such as snub Stanleys Satellite Baby pleaded Nuclear baby dont fission out on mewere gonna rock it, were gonna rock it.Isotope daddys found out what you are worth. As well as the likes of Bob Dylan with his 1962 song A Hard Rains Gonna fail which was thought to have alluded to an upsurge in the possibility of a nuclear fallout. by the progression of the nuclear period protest songs in particular became more frequent, such as 99 red balloons, and Relax by Frankie Goes To Hollywood. These songs became rivalry against a nuclear build up and warning songs while others utilised the theme like allus ion to a huge destruction in general. This period also began to see the rise in the popularity of tranquillity organizations such as the CND. Newman, K. (2000) said the CND (Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament) was one of the principle organizations campaigning in ambition to the bomb. Its symbol, a grouping of the semaphone symbols for D (disarmament) and N (nuclear) came into the modern culture as icon for peace.1962 saw a flashpoint in the course of the Cold War, a socialist revolution in Cuba would bring the world closer to nuclear war than ever before. The Cuban Missile Crisis illustrated how fragile the fit between a nuclear war and peace had become. The period of time saw a shift in public opinion towards the bomb, how close the world had come to catastrophe had shown Americans the true terror of a nuclear attack. Popular culture moved into a new era of fear and more open criticism of the nuclear programme (Zeman and Amundson, 2004 4)The scale of influence the nuclear agenda h ad on popular culture became elevated as the threat of nuclear war become more possible. The time arrange saw a great deal of change within America. It becomes bare that the early atomic culture had a huge influence on popular culture, but the ways in which it affected it were various to say the least. From civil defence videos to sci-fi b movies, the period generated a phenomenal amount of popular culture. The significance is perhaps the diversity of the materials and the changes the nuclear agenda brought into popular culture. The strength of the nuclear culture insured it was impossible for outlets to ignore, instead the bomb in sorts became commercialised and the threat of apocalypse became a somewhat side point. In truth, it would appear in an era of progression and change the nuclear agenda became quite dominant in popular culture. It affected the lives on not only Americans but those in a global community. The turning point perhaps comes at the end of this period during the 13 days of the Cuban Missile Crisis, where the nuclear agenda hatched up the fear and tensions of an American society who had been blissfully unaware of the true dangers happening behind closed doors.