Coverage of Child Rights Issues in Pakistani Print Media

C everyplaceage of boor Rights Issues in Pakistani cross MediaChapter 2lit ReviewA belles-lettres refreshen is an critical root of stateation found in the literature related to the selected reach of study. It is a process of reading, analyzing, evaluating, and summarizing scholarly materials about a specific topic. The results of a literature review whitethorn be compiled in a report or they may serve as part of a investigate member, thesis, or grant proposal.(Hart,1998)A literature review is a clay of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge including substantive conclusions as well as theoretical and methodo transp bent contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews argon secondary sources, and as such(prenominal), do not report some(prenominal) new or original experimental institute. Also, a literature review potful be interpreted as a review of an summary accomplishment (Dellinger, Leech, 2007).A well-structured literature review is characterized by a logical flow of ideas current and relevant references with consistent, appropriate referencing style proper make use of of terminology and a comprehensive view of the previous question on the topic (ibid).In this search Coverage of small fry rights issues in Pakistani Print Media a comparative study of incline and Urdu news physical compositions researcher uses thematic nightclub for literature review. Thematic reviews of literature argon organized roughly a topic or issue, rather than the progression of time. Researcher divides the literature review into two percentages.Studies on infant rights in PakistanInter depicted object studies on barbarian rightsStudies on Child rights in Pakistani mediaStudies on Child rights in International mediaStudies on compassionate rightsMedia studies on Human rights2.1. Studies on Child Rights in PakistanOMCT (2003) inform in Pakistan Report on the murder of the Convention on the Rights of the Child by Pakistan th at in particular, that tikeren are at a high risk to be subject to various forms of step and cruel, in benignant, or degrading treatment and punishment. OMCT is aware that many of the structural causes of the violations of boorrens rights wait economic and social change at a structural level, we nonetheless feel that some fundamental legislative and administrative changes in the state would enable a split carrying out of churlrens rights that could lead to a considerable betterment in the lot of children. Therefore, OMCT would like to make several(prenominal) conclusions and recommendations, both legislative and practical.Sadruddin (2011) identified in study on the grand issues of child rights in Pakistan that the important issues of children in Pakistan, during 2004-2008. This research article aims to inform practitioners and policy makers, in an effort to move child rights and childrens plight in especially difficult circumstances to the forefront of the public conscien ce. The value and grandness of children has withal been highlighted in the study. The efficacy of the implementation of child rights by Pakistani Government has too been revealed. The study revealed that the issues of children were over faint in Pakistan during the hold few years. The Convention on the Rights of Child did not serve as a contractd savior. Education, credentials and social rights were not given proper prudence during the last five years imputable to which, much effective results were not produced in improving child rights. Although the needs of children and their rights, particularly social and security rights were well understood, but were not well addressed, both on social and political platform. The study concluded that Pakistan was unsuccessful in addressing the issues of Children in Pakistan to its scoop up as the issues of children were found in a vulnerable state.Khan (2011) dogged in his work implementing law against child labor a research study of Pa kistan that child Labor is alship canal related to the violation of the radical rights of children. However, every work that children indulge in cannot be categorized as child labor. This article assesses the International norms regarding child labor after understand the notion of child labor. This article aims to highlight the socio-economic issues responsible for the profusion of child labor in a society. This article thus analyzes the different approaches towards child labor eradication and the prominent hurdles in implementing international and national norms against child labor. A case study of assessing hurdles in laws implementation is done in Pakistan. Pakistan is an economically developing state, that is why the cases of children indulging in health hazard work is prominent.2.2 International studies on Child rightsJones (2011) draw in what are childrens rights? Contemporary developments and debates how the idea of child rights has emerged, strikeing the ways in which di fferent advocateures for change continue to develop the way rights are legislated for and understood. It has given brief examples of the kinds of policies that are emerging and has shown how changes in long-held attitudes and practices are a consequence of the child rights agenda. The chapter introduced areas key to child rights including the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), and the UKs Human Rights Act 1996 (HRA). Examples that link child rights to their lived experiences were used to illustrate the ways in which the practical application of legislation strikes children and those working with them.Kim (2008) paper considers whether letting children melt work and school is a valid and effective approach in Cambodia. Policy makers suggestions that child labor should be allowed to some extent due to household poverty appear ungrounded as no signicant similarity betwixt childrens work and household povert y is found spell arranging school time table s exibly in order to accommodate households perceived need for childrens labor may affix problem s of insufcient teaching hours if schools conduct their time tables un reliably. Considering these issue s, the paper suggests the need for a more diversied app roach to dealing with the pretend of child labor on their school education.Claire (2012) Investigated the relationship between way and cognition in a study with 105 3-7 yr olds intentional to test the implications of 2 major theories of childrens drawings. The classical or designual scheme considers the young childs drawing of the human figure as an index of his concept of a man, and predicts uniformity across figural tasks which vary media and instructions. In contrast, R. Arnheim defines the representational process as the invention of structurally equivalent forms in a given medium, and predicts that representation will vary as a die of the task and the medium. Results of 1 1 representational tasks support Arnheims theory that representation varies as a function of the medium, instructions, practice, the provision of parts, and the childs developmental level.Sadruddin (2012) evaluated in critical studies on the Asian countries assessment on children rights that the Implementation of Children rights in few Asian Countries, particularly, Pakistan. The study identified the important issues of children in Asian Countries besides foreground the value and importance of children. The study conclude that although the issues of children were highlighted by most of the Asian countries but the practical Implementation of the Children Rights in Asia, particularly Pakistan, were over shadowed during the last few years. Very few laws were imposed in upgrade of children rights without practical imposition to resolve the issues of children in Asia.2.3 Studies on child rights in Pakistani mediaIFJ (2002) reported in Putting Children in the Right that Those flavor fo r a check list to work from may find this section annoyingly imprecise. The overall duty of a journalist or other media professional doing this kind of work is to act in the best interests of the child and of children and to try to deal with ethical issues with clarity and honesty. This will not guarantee that they make no mistakes, but would dramatically improve the quality of media insurance coverage of childrens issues. The Convention on the Rights of the Child is based on the sum of peace, dignity, tolerance, freedom, equality and solidarity. Journalists should extend those qualities to children. The daily challenge to journalists and media organizations is particularly felt in reporting of children and their rights.Jabeen (2014) This research article child protection data an abbreviation of news coverage of child protection issues in Pakistan, argues for the need of regular data, not only for recognition of child protection issues, but also for formulation and implemen tation of policy and practice responses in Pakistan. Through a overbearing review of the newspaper coverage of child protection issues over a period of 20 years, the actual and potential risks to children are highlighted, thus, providing a methodological justification to use newspapers coverage as a participate of child protection problems. Further, with its focus on the row and content of the coverage, this article shows how representation of child protection issues in the publish media reflect the lively reality on the one hand, and on the other may affect peoples perceptions of these issues.2.4 Studies on child rights in International mediaCheity (2004) reported in his research work the coverage of child familiar subvert in popular magazines since the early 1990s. The article employs systematic analysis to identify and analyze articles in four popu-lar magazines. Articles are analyzed by subject, length, and publication. The results plump for established theories of newsw orthiness related to the coverage of specific stories over time. However, inter-est in the subject waned in the past 10 years, with the brief and dramatic expulsion of coverage connected to the Catholic Church in 2002. The findings demonstrate systematic rests between the slants of the four magazines studied. The findings also suggest that child abomination professionals could improve the quality of cover-age by agreeing to interviews in connection with articles about childhood sexual maltreatment.Goddard Saunders (2000) explained in their research work the gander neglect and textual abuse of child rights in score media that in recent years the relationship between the media and child abuse has been subjected to closer inspection. Research at Monash University into the media portrayal of child abuse has led the researchers to examine the language used by the print media to represent both children who have been abused or neglected and the offences perpetrate against them. This paper presents two findings from this research. The analysis firstly found that a child who has been abused or neglected may be objectified in print media language even when the childs gender is previously identified. Secondly, the analysis found that the language used to describe the sexual abuse of children may serve to reduce the seriousness of offences. These phenomena, termed gender neglect and textual abuse, are highlighted by examples from UK and Australian print media. The authors argue that critical language awareness is important for children, just as it has been identified in research that examines the representation of women in print media.Wilczynski, Sinclair, and young (1999) explained in their study incorrupt Tales Representations of Child Abuse in the Quality and Tabloid Media that although child abuse is a favorite topic for media stories, there has been little research on how the media portrays such issues. The present research examined the media construction of child abuse in a comprehensive sample of all 1302 reports on the subject during 1995 in a representative quality and tabloid newspaper in NSW. wicked justice agencies were the predominant sources used for the stories child abusers were individualized and demonized by the cut and used to promote law and order agendas and there was little coverage of the social causes of abuse and prevention issues. Although both the quality and tabloid press demonstrated these features, there were some marked differences between the coverage in the two sources, such as a much greater fury on individual cases in the tabloid press.2.6 Media studies on Human rightsSial (2009) explained in his research named Human rights Reporting in Pakistani Media that Media reports on human rights influence people, but there is a lack of investigative reporting on human rights issues in Pakistan. The journalists do not have the needed expertise and training to investigate and report on rights issues. Only a few jo urnalists are committed to human rights reporting whereas most of them are either indifferent to or skeptical of rights issues. The environment is comparatively better for human rights reporting in the English media where journalists are not agonistic to work in multiple areas and have an educated audience. The Urdu media relies much on sensationalization, a narrative devoid of investigation and personal bias. A equilibrize and impartial analysis of the issues is largely misssing.Dunn (2012) explained in his research paper on emerging sociological theories on human rights social structure, human agency, and variety that sociological theories of human rights are relatively less developed, but such frameworks are crucial for the development of the unique contributions to the human rights topic that sociology can make. Foremost among these is conceptualizing the role of inter-relationships between social structure, human agency, and inequality as they impact human rights and efforts to promote them.Nwanko (2011) reported in his research work Role of the media in promoting human rights an analysis of the BBC documentary umber The acidulated Truth. This study has tried to look into what role the media play in the forwarding of human rights. This was done by looking into the case of BBC One and the documentary, chocolate the bitter truth, which it produced. The documentary dwelt on the use of child tote in cocoa farms in West Africa. The study was aimed at finding the reason why the BBC chose to promote human rights through the production of the documentary. It also tried to find out how the contents of the documentary are mold to promote human rights. Human rights theories literature arc commonly conflicting to one or both ofAeijaz (n.d.) expressed in his thesis speculative and Philosophical foundation of human rights that human rights theories interpreted as typeface of philosophical optimism, even arrogance. The philosophical task is to explicate Minows dilemma of difference and acknowledge both the fact and fluidity of difference.The objectives of undercurrent research are intending to investigate the comparative analysis of coverage of child rights in Urdu and English Pakistani newspapers. The study of Sial (2009) reported coverage of human rights in Pakistani news media. The findings of that study revealed that Urdu Newspapers sensationalizing the issue. Other studies of literature review are also supporting the arguments of the current research.